Bob Bollinger, MD, MPH

Role: 
Faculty
Raj and Kamla Gupta Professor of Infectious Diseases, Professor of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing

Dr. Bollinger is the Raj and Kamla Gupta Professor of Infectious Diseases at the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) School of Medicine. He holds joint appointments in International Health at the Johns Hopkins (JH) Bloomberg School of Public Health, and in Community Public Health at the JH School of Nursing.  From 2005-2022, he was the Founding Director of the JH Center for Clinical Global Health Education (now CCGHE-ID), which was the home of the Johns Hopkins Division of Infectious Diseases research program in Pune, India until the establishment of the Center for Infectious Diseases in India (CIDI).  He is Associate Director for Medicine of the JH Center for Global Health and is a member of the Faculty Steering Committee of the Johns Hopkins Gupta Klinsky India Institute.  Is a member of the faculty advisory group for the JH Precision Medicine Center of Excellence for COVID-19 and the JH Center for Innovative Diagnostics in Infectious Diseases (CDID).  He has served as a member of the US Presidential Advisory Council for HIV/AIDS (PACHA), the PACHA International Sub-committee, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Public-Private Partnerships for Global Health and Safety, and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty International Center Advisory Board.

Dr. Bollinger has worked for more than 40 years with partners in India on a wide range of public health, clinical research, and education programs, including projects focused on HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, leprosy, dengue, antibiotic resistant infections, COVID-19 and other emerging diseases. His research interests include identifying biological and behavioral risk factors for HIV and TB transmission; characterizing the clinical progression and treatment of HIV, TB and related infections; development/evaluation of novel point-of-care diagnostics and implementation of research projects to optimize equitable access to healthcare capacity and delivery in resource-limited communities.

In 1991, he initiated an NIH-funded Indo-US HIV research program in Pune, India, involving the National AIDS Research Institute/ICMR and the BJ Government Medical College. He has served as Principal Investigator for many NIH-supported studies and clinical trials in Pune, including the SWEN study, which led to changes in World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for treatment of infants born to HIV positive mothers to prevent mother-to-child transmission. Under his 26 years as leader of the Hopkins India Fogarty International Research Training Program, short-term and degree training was provided to more than 140 visiting Indian scientists at JHU, and in-country training provided to more than 2,000 Indian scientists. His commitment to education has been honored with the Johns Hopkins Department of Medicine David M. Levine Excellence in Mentoring Award.

Dr. Bollinger is author of more than 220 peer-reviewed research publications and 15 book chapters, including the first and largest studies of risk factors for HIV transmission in India, the cloning and sequencing of the first HIV viruses from India, the only studies characterizing the primary immune response to HIV in India, and the demonstration of increased risk of HIV acquisition with recent HSV infection and lack of circumcision. Dr. Bollinger received an undergraduate degree from Haverford College, a Doctor of Medicine from Dartmouth Medical School, and a Master of Public Health from JH Bloomberg School of Public Health. He completed his internal medicine training at the University of Maryland Medical Systems, followed by a post-doctoral fellowship in infectious diseases at JHU School of Medicine. He is board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine in internal medicine and infectious diseases. 

Optimal Algorithmic Diagnosis of Genital TB among HIV-infected and Uninfected Infertile Women

Post Date: 
2016-05-26
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated March 2020. It was funded by the Fogarty International Center at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. There is a lack of a set protocol universally for diagnosis of genital TB, and for Indian hospitals, India's Revised National...

Barriers to Early Treatment Initiation in Childhood Tuberculosis in High Incidence Setting

Post Date: 
2016-04-21
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated October 25, 2019. Funded by the Fogarty International Center and led by PI Dr. Chhaya Tukaram Valvi, the aim of this study is to evaluate the time to treatment initiation and barriers to early treatment initiation in childhood tuberculosis. TB...

Barriers to Implementation of Isoniazid Preventive Treatment (IPT) in Pediatric Contacts of Sputum Positive Adults with Tuberculosis

Post Date: 
2016-03-24
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated January 3, 2019. It was funded by the Fogarty International Center at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Young children infected with M.tuberculosis can rapidly progress to pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease with high rates of mortality and...

Smallpox Comes Back to Life in Microbe Hunters

Post Date: 
2015-10-22
Baltimore, MD—The world may have been declared free of smallpox in 1980, but the eradication campaign was revived Tuesday in a multimedia presentation at the Johns Hopkins Medical Campus. The event featured a screening of the film Microbe Hunters: Smallpox , by the Johns...

Residual Respiratory Impairment Following Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Post Date: 
2015-09-13
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study is conducted by the Cohort for Tuberculosis Research by the Indo-US Medical Partnership (C-TRIUMPH) under the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT) Network, an international TB consortium. Many TB patients have...

A5290: A Randomized, Phase 2b Study of a Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen with Rifampin-Based Tuberculosis Treatment versus a Standard-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen with Rifabutin-Based Tuberculosis...

Post Date: 
2015-07-07
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated February 23, 2016; it was conducted under the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) and funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health.. Full Title: A5290, A Randomized, Phase 2b Study of a Double-Dose Lopinavir/Ritonavir-Based Antiretroviral Regimen...

Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Pune, India: Substudy on Community Health-Seeking Behavior Among Patients Admitted with Acute Febrile Illness

Post Date: 
2015-05-28
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Objectives: To describe the patterns of health-care seeking behavior and prior outpatient care among patients admitted with acute febrile illness to Sassoon Hospital To determine the effects of outpatient behaviors and prior treatments on the antimicrobial...

Barriers for Intervention to Prevent Occupationally Acquired Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers

Post Date: 
2015-05-21
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated April 20, 2017; it was funded by the Fogarty International Center at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Observational study to assess the current status of implementation of interventions for preventing occupationally acquired...

Risk of Tuberculosis among Health Care Workers and Trainees in a Tertiary-care Hospital in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2015-04-15
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated April 24, 2018. It was funded by the Fogarty International Center at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. A retrospective study of health care workers (HCWs) was conducted by investigators of the Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical and...

Impact of Immune Changes of HIV and Stages of Pregnancy on Tuberculosis

Post Date: 
2014-09-01
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This is the Parent Study for CCGHE’s PRACHITI (PRegnancy And CHanges In TuberculosIs) effort. It's supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Purpose: TB is a...

ART Study 1: Database: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS and Associated Comorbidities in a Public Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) Clinic at BJGMC in Pune

Post Date: 
2014-06-14
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Since 2004, the National AIDS Control Program of India has been rolling out free antiretroviral therapy. Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Government Medical College (BJGMC), located in Pune, India, is now the largest HIV clinic in India, with over 26,000 adult and pediatric patients registered since 2005...

Evaluation of HIV Disease Burden in Hospitalized Patients at Sassoon General Hospital in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2013-11-18
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study was terminated September 13, 2005. The goal of this project was to conduct both a retrospective and prospective epidemiological study of the burden of HIV disease at Sassoon General Hospital. The specific objectives of the study were to establish the proportion of...

Cohort for Tuberculosis Research by the Indo-US Medical Partnership (C-TRIUMPH)

Post Date: 
2013-09-28
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Collaboratively funded by the US NIH, India’s Department of Biotechnology [DBT], and Indian Council of Medical Research, the Cohort for TB Research by the Indo-US Medical Partnership (C-TRIUMPH) is an Indo-US research consortium that is part of RePORT India, a countrywide consortium for TB...

Community Home Based India Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (COMBIND)

Post Date: 
2013-09-02
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study ended May 14, 2019. CCGHE is assessing whether equipping Community Health Workers with mobile health technology and involving them in technology training and personal empowerment seminars can help prevent mother-to-child...

ONCOGRID: An mHealth Approach to Prevention and Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer in Rural South India

Post Date: 
2012-11-01
   |   
Countries: 
This study ended February 7, 2017. The Indian sub-continent is burdened with 80% of the world’s patients with oral cancer, and delay in oral cancer diagnosis is one of the major problems that leads to poor treatment outcomes (V. Shanta, R. Swaminathan, R...

RePORT India

Post Date: 
2012-06-30
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
RePORT India is a joint venture between the Indian and US governments. The Indo-US Vaccine Action Program, a collaboration between the Indian Department of Biotechnology (DBT), the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and the US NIH, is co-funding six teams of India- and US-based...

C-TRIUMPH Pilot Study: Burden and Risk Factors for Drug-resistant Tuberculosis in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2012-05-29
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This pilot study ended in April 2015. Drug resistant TB (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) is increasing worldwide. Although 20% of all global TB cases occur in India, current estimates of the burden of MDR-TB in India are limited. A well-characterized TB clinical cohort, household cohort and control cohort would...

Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women in the Reproductive Age Group in Shevgaon, Ahmednagar District, Maharashtra, India

Post Date: 
2011-05-15
   |   
Countries: 
This study was conducted in 2011. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) constitute a significant epidemiological burden all over the world especially in middle and low income countries. Women are more vulnerable to STIs due to several biological and socio-economic reasons. Although transmission of...

Hospitalized Pediatric Patients with Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza in India (August-November 2009)

Post Date: 
2010-04-10
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This study ended in April 2013. This was a review and collection of data from the medical records of pediatric patients who were admitted to the BJMC/Sassoon General Hospitals with H1N1 influenza during August-November 2009.

A5225: Phase I/II Dose-Finding Study of High-Dose Fluconazole Treatment in AIDS-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis

Post Date: 
2009-04-22
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
This trial was terminated in March 2015; it was conducted under the AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) and funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. This multi-country study was conducted in India, Kenyam Peru, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, United States, and...

Pages

Acceptability and Feasibility of a Behavioral and Mobile Health Intervention (COMBIND) Shown to Increase Uptake of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) Care in India

Post Date: 
2020-05-24
   |   
Countries: 
Publication: 
BMC Public Health
A cluster-randomized trial recently demonstrated that an integrated behavioral and mobile technology intervention improved uptake of key components of a Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) Option B+ program, among HIV- infected pregnant/breastfeeding women in India.

Addressing the global burden of hepatitis B virus while developing long-acting injectables for the prevention and treatment of HIV

Post Date: 
2019-12-20
Publication: 
Lancet HIV
Lancet HIV: Dr. Bob Bollinger and colleagues discuss the urgent need and opportunity to include activity against Hepatitis B in formulations of long-acting drugs for HIV prevention and treatment

MAL adaptor (TIRAP) S180L polymorphism and severity of disease among tuberculosis patients

Post Date: 
2019-10-31
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
Infection, Genetics, and Evolution
Infection, Genetics, and Evolution : We investigated the association of TIRAP variants with severity of TB disease and IP-10 production in humans, which may be useful in predicting poor clinical outcome

Delays and barriers to early treatment initiation for childhood tuberculosis in India

Post Date: 
2019-10-01
Publication: 
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
BACKGROUND: India accounts for 27% of global childhood tuberculosis (TB) burden. Understanding barriers to early diagnosis and treatment in children may improve care and outcomes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among 89 children initiated on anti-TB treatment from a public hospital...

High risk for latent tuberculosis infection among medical residents and nursing students in India

Post Date: 
2019-07-08
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
PLoS One
PLoS ONE: Self-reported TB exposure is underreported, and uptake of LTBI prevention therapy remains low

Users beware! Biological variation in complete blood counts over short time intervals

Post Date: 
2019-05-29
Publication: 
BMJ Evidence Based Medicine
New publication in BMJ Evidence Based Medicine looks at CBC count variations in blood drawn over a short time period

Assessment of lung function in successfully treated tuberculosis reveals high burden of ventilatory defects and COPD

Post Date: 
2019-05-23
   |   
Countries: 
Publication: 
PLoS One
New in PLoS One: We found a high burden of lung function defects and COPD in tuberculosis cases who successfully completed treatment, suggesting a need for lung function screening as part of patient management.

Respiratory health status is associated with treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis

Post Date: 
2019-04-19
   |   
Countries: 
Publication: 
The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
BACKGROUND: The association between respiratory impairment and tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes is not clear. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated respiratory health status, measured using the Saint George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), in a cohort of new adult pulmonary TB cases during and...

Elevated highly sensitive C-reactive protein and d-dimer levels are associated with food insecurity among people living with HIV in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2019-03-04
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
Public Health Nutrition
Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and determinants of food insecurity among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Pune, India and its association with biomarkers known to confer increased risks of morbidity and mortality in this population. DESIGN:...

Barriers to screening and isoniazid preventive therapy for child contacts of tuberculosis patients

Post Date: 
2018-10-01
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Universal, timely TB screening and IPT for exposed children are urgently needed to reduce pediatric TB in India

Inflammation and micronutrient biomarkers predict clinical HIV treatment failure and incident active TB in HIV-infected adults: a case-control study

Post Date: 
2018-09-24
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
BMC Medicine
Factors identified through exploratory factor analysis were associated with adverse outcomes in HIV-infected individuals.

Challenges and opportunities for outreach workers in the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) program in India

Post Date: 
2018-09-04
   |   
Countries: 
Publication: 
PLoS One
PLoS One: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV program in India is one of the largest in the world, and it relies on outreach workers. Our study looked at challenges and opportunities for outreach workers.

Loss to follow‐up and mortality among HIV‐infected adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2018-06-25
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
HIV Medicine
Over 6 years, one-third of HIV+ adolescents in this study discontinued medical treatment, indicating a critical need for retention counselling and closer clinical monitoring.

Diabetes and prediabetes among household contacts of tuberculosis patients in India: Is it time to screen them all?

Post Date: 
2018-06-01
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
SETTING: Pre-diabetes mellitus (pre-DM) and DM increase the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB). Screening contacts of TB patients for pre-DM/DM and linking them to care may mitigate the risk of developing TB and improve DM management. OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of pre-DM/DM and...

Diabetes and pre-diabetes among household contacts of tuberculosis patients in India: is it time to screen them all?

Post Date: 
2018-05-22
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
Authors find that screening contacts of TB patients for pre-DM/DM and linking them to care may mitigate the risk of developing tuberculosis and improve management of diabetes.

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation in HIV-infected pregnant women is associated with preterm birth

Post Date: 
2018-03-24
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Our results show select immune markers can identify women at higher risk for PTB in HIV-1-infected populations and suggest modulating gut barrier integrity and microbial translocation may affect PTB.

Gender-based violence screening methods preferred by women visiting a public hospital in Pune, India

Post Date: 
2018-01-22
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
BMC Womens Health
BMC Womens Health : In our study, 23% of women reported experiencing gender based violence, and 90% reported they had never been asked about it in the healthcare setting.

How reliable and valid are the self-reports on sexual behavior among HIV discordant couples from Pune, India?

Post Date: 
2018-01-01
   |   
Countries: 
Publication: 
Psychology, Health, and Medicine
Reliability of self-reported sexual and safe sex behavior among heterosexual HIV discordant couples was assessed by matching individual responses of couples to a common set of questions and validated by matching with pregnancy and seroconversion during study period. Demographic, clinical and...

Maternal syphilis: An independent risk factor for mother to infant human immunodeficiency virus transmission

Post Date: 
2017-06-15
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Abstract Syphilis is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus acquisition and sexual transmission; we examined impact on human immunodeficiency virus mother-to-child transmission among mother-infant pairs enrolled in the India Six-Week Extended-Dose Nevirapine study...

Resident doctors' attitudes toward tuberculosis patients

Post Date: 
2017-04-15
   |   
Countries: 
   |   
Clinical Sites: 
Publication: 
Indian Journal of Tuberculosis
Background: The attitude of the resident doctors toward tuberculosis (TB) patients can affect their treatment seeking behavior, compliance to treatment as well as reinforce the stigma attached to the disease by the society at large. Aims: To assess the attitudes...

Pages

CURE ID Moves to Automated Data Collection in Light of COVID Pandemic

Post Date: 
2021-07-13
Dr. Matt Robinson
Drs. Matt Robinson is leading JHU efforts in this FDA program, and Robert Bollinger and Jane McKenzie-White helped launch it before COVID.

A vaccinated person's guide to the most concerning COVID-19 strains

Post Date: 
2021-06-22
Source: 
Salon
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Robert Bollinger. "Flu viruses are particularly prone to mutation, which is why new strains circulate every year."

Do Vaccine Incentives Work? Krispy Kreme Says The Freebies Helped

Post Date: 
2021-06-22
Source: 
Eminetra
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Bollinger: “It depends on what barriers people have when they get vaccinated. The higher those barriers, the harder it is to overcome."

Videos claiming vaccination efforts are causing new COVID-19 variants are fake

Post Date: 
2021-06-22
Source: 
Dunya News
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Bollinger: "Compared to unvaccinated people, vaccinated people are less likely to get infected by all of the strains, including the variants."

Can the U.S. Meet President Biden's Latest Vaccination Goal?

Post Date: 
2021-05-13
Source: 
Leslie Marshall Show
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Leslie and Dr. Bollinger discuss President Biden's new goal of having 70% of American adults receive at least their first COVID-19 vaccine dose by July 4th.

Will your child’s school mandate Covid vaccinations?

Post Date: 
2021-05-12
Source: 
CNBC
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Robert Bollinger: "It's always better to reinforce positive behavior rather than mandate, but we have a precedent of requiring vaccinations to go to school."

Fact Check-Vaccinated people are not ‘biological time bombs’ carrying coronavirus ‘super strains’

Post Date: 
2021-04-27
Source: 
Reuters
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Reuters: Dr. Bob Bollinger weighs in about misinformation spread in a COVID-19 conspiracy blog.

Dr. Bollinger: We’re in a better place with Covid, but we’re not out of the woods yet

Post Date: 
2021-03-15
Source: 
CNBC: The News with Shepard Smith
Dr. Robert Bollinger
CNBC: Dr. Bolllinger discusses COVID-19 variants and what's known about the AstraZeneca vaccine

World Renowned Infectious Disease Expert on CDC's New School Guidelines.

Post Date: 
2021-02-16
Source: 
Leslie Marshall Show
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Leslie Marshall interviews Dr. Robert Bollinger on CDC's New School Guidelines.

Will the New COVID-19 Variants Increase Reinfection Rates?

Post Date: 
2021-02-16
Source: 
VeryWellHealth
Dr. Robert Bollinger
"While the mutations don’t mean much in terms of how the virus functions, if the mutations lead to a change in how the virus works, then we pay more attention to it."

Should You Double Mask in the Workplace?

Post Date: 
2021-02-15
Source: 
Inc.
Dr. Robert Bollinger
You don't want the mask to be uncomfortable. "The most important mask is the one you're going to wear all the time when you're in high-risk situations," says Dr. Bob Bollinger.

What do teachers mean when they say they don't have 'adequate' PPE?

Post Date: 
2021-02-03
Source: 
Independent Tribune
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Bollinger: “There are 17 genetic changes in the B.1.1.7 variant from England. There’s some preliminary evidence that it’s more contagious."

Des Moines County supervisors hone their budget chops

Post Date: 
2021-02-02
Source: 
The Hawk Eye
Dr. Robert Bollinger
“All RNA viruses mutate over time, some more than others. For example, flu viruses change often, which is why doctors recommend that you get a new flu vaccine every year."

Experts Explain How To Effectively Wear Two Face Masks

Post Date: 
2021-02-01
Source: 
Bustle
Dr. Robert Bollinger
"Some of the new SARS-CoV2 variants appear to be more infectious and easier to transmit, so although we don’t have clear data yet, it makes sense that more effective masking might help."

When will it end?

Post Date: 
2021-02-01
Source: 
TheStar
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Bollinger: “We are not seeing any indication that the new strain is more virulent or dangerous in terms of causing more severe Covid-19 diseases.”

How Dangerous Are the New COVID-19 Variants?

Post Date: 
2021-01-29
Source: 
Global Citizen
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Robert Bollinger: “[RNA] viruses are notorious for having variants because every time they copy themselves inside a new infected person, they're sloppy."

The New Strain of COVID-19: How Much More Dangerous Is It?

Post Date: 
2021-01-27
Source: 
Radio Health Journal
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Bob Bollinger was interviewed about the new strain of COVID-19 for this live radio broadcast.

COVID-19 Strain Variants, Ramping Up Vaccinations to Get to Herd Immunity

Post Date: 
2021-01-27
Source: 
Leslie Marshall Show
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Leslie and Dr. Bollinger discuss the latest news surrounding COVID-19, including: Moderna announcing that its COVID-19 vaccine is effective against new...

Doctors Explain The Risks If You Miss Your Second Vaccine Appointment

Post Date: 
2021-01-27
Source: 
Bustle
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Dr. Robert Bollinger: "You could be less protected against COVID, for a shorter period, or it could also give the virus time and space to mutate."

New strains of COVID swiftly moving through the US need careful watch, scientists say

Post Date: 
2021-01-25
Source: 
USATODAY
Dr. Robert Bollinger
Instead of perfectly copying its 29,811 bases, the four-letter alphabet used to describe its genetic code, a wrong letter sneaks in.

Pages